【背景】近些年来，我国育龄妇女总和生育率跌至远低于国际平均水平，新生儿出生数量逐年下降，低生育将成为我国面临的重要现实问题。面对严峻的人口压力，自2013年起，我国生育政策开启了逐步调整的进程，但居民生育意愿依旧低迷。建设普惠托育服务体系、降低家庭养育成本，是提高育龄家庭生育意愿的关键措施。

【目的】本研究拟分析北京市海淀区0-3岁托位供给现状及0-3岁婴幼儿入托现状，并进一步调查北京市海淀区0-3岁婴幼儿家长对托育服务的需求及影响家长的托育服务需求的因素，为北京市普惠托育体系建设提供参考意见。

【方法】本研究运用文献资料法获得北京市海淀区托幼（育）机构名单、北京市海淀区在册管理的0-3岁儿童数，编制并向托幼（育）机构负责人发放《北京市海淀区托幼（育）机构0-3岁托位供给情况调查问卷》，运用频数表、饼图、条形图等统计方法对托位供给情况进行统计学描述；同时，采用文献资料法、问卷调查法编制并向0-3岁婴幼儿家长发放《北京市海淀区0-3岁婴幼儿家长托育服务需求调查问卷》，数据录入SPSS 27.0软件后，运用描述性统计方法对家长的托育服务需求及偏好情况进行描述；以婴幼儿个体、家庭特征为自变量，以是否有托育需求为因变量，采用单因素分析探索影响家庭托育服务需求的个体、家庭特征，采用二元logistic回归方法进行多因素分析；采用政策分析法与访谈法，了解社会托育服务政策对家长托育服务需求的影响。

【结果】

1.北京市海淀区托幼（育）机构0-3岁托位供给现况：（1）截至2024年8月1日，海淀区全部327所0-3岁托位供给机构由274所托幼机构托班、31所学前教育社区办园点小班以及22所0-3岁托育机构组成。274所托幼机构中83所已开托班，托育服务类型以全日托为主；最小可接收3-6个月的婴幼儿，以2岁以上婴幼儿为主；月收费主要介于3000元-5000元之间；未开办托班的托幼（育）机构存在的实际困难主要是幼儿园教室和活场地有限。（2）截至2024年8月1日，北京市海淀区0-3岁入托人数总和为2760名，2024年北京市海淀区0-3岁婴幼儿入托率为6.01%，低于全国水平。

2.北京市海淀区0-3岁婴幼儿家长对托育服务的需求与偏好调查：本研究中38.2%婴幼儿的家长有托育需求，高于海淀区卫健委2020年的调查数据37%，家庭照顾是0-3岁婴幼儿照护的主要类型。婴幼儿家长倾向于在孩子达到18个月龄后开始需要托育服务，78.3%的婴幼儿家长更偏好选择公办托育机构；70.7%的婴幼儿家长认为每月1001至5000元的托育费用是合理的，72%的婴幼儿家长期望获得全日托服务；有托育服务需求的0-3岁家长对医育结合模式的托育机构的具体项目需求均介于比较需要和非常需要之间，他们对视力、听力、口腔检查的需要程度最高。

3.北京市海淀区托育服务需求的个人及家庭特征影响因素识别：

单因素分析结果显示，婴幼儿的户籍、父亲年龄、母亲年龄、父亲学历、母亲学历、父亲职业、母亲职业在托育需求的差别有统计学意义（P<0.05）。多因素logistic回归结果证实母亲年龄、母亲学历、母亲职业为托育需求的影响因素：年龄在21-30岁的母亲对托育服务的需求是40岁以上母亲的0.197倍(OR=0.197, 95%CI:0.068-0.568)；本科学历母亲的托育需求是硕士及以上学历母亲的0.555倍(OR=0.555, 95%CI:0.351-0.880)；在党政军机关工作的母亲托育需求是暂无职业的母亲的3.883倍(OR=3.883, 95%CI:1.075-14.024)；在企事业单位工作的母亲其托育需求是是暂无职业的母亲的3.486倍(OR=3.486, 95%CI:1.392-8.727)；母亲从事教师、医生、工程师、律师等专业技术人员的托育需求是暂无职业的母亲的4.664倍(OR=4.664, 95%CI:1.833-11.865)。

4.普惠托育政策对海淀区家庭托育服务利用的影响：基于六个家庭访谈案例

六个家庭访谈案例说明：海淀区通过普惠托育服务试点、社区办园点、托育综合服务中心设立等政策举措，通过提高托育服务的可及性、便利性和经济性，切实解决了家庭的托育难题，提升了家庭对托育服务的利用。

【结论】

1.北京市海淀区托育资源存在“高需求、低利用”和“托位供给不足”同时存在的供需不匹配局面。

2.母亲年龄、母亲学历、母亲职业影响家庭托育需求：学历较高、年龄较大、从事稳定职业女性对托育服务的需求更高，政府制定托育政策要倾向女性群体。

3.海淀区普惠托育政策的实施，包括社区办园点的建立，有可能会提升海淀区婴幼儿家长的托育服务需求。

4.为了满足婴幼儿家庭对婴幼儿健康管理，以及医疗机构职工子女的托育需要，鼓励推动医疗机构开办“医育结合”托育机构。

Background：In recent years, the total fertility rate of women of childbearing age in China has fallen far below the international average, and the number of newborns has been decreasing year by year. Low fertility will become an important practical problem facing China. Faced with severe population pressure, China's birth policy has been gradually adjusted since 2013, but residents' willingness to have children remains low. Building a universal childcare service system and reducing family rearing costs are key measures to increase the willingness of childbearing age families to have children.

Objective： This study aims to analyze the current supply of childcare spaces for children aged 0-3 in Haidian District, Beijing, as well as the current enrollment status of infants and young children aged 0-3. Furthermore, it will investigate the demand for childcare services among parents of infants and young children aged 0-3 in Haidian District, Beijing, and the factors that affect their demand for childcare services, providing reference opinions for the construction of a universal childcare system in Beijing.

Method：This study used the method of literature review to obtain the list of childcare institutions in Haidian District, Beijing, and the number of 0-3 year old children registered for management in Haidian District, Beijing. A survey questionnaire on the supply of 0-3 year old childcare institutions in Haidian District, Beijing was compiled and distributed to the heads of childcare institutions. Frequency tables, pie charts, bar charts, and other statistical methods were used to describe the supply of childcare institutions; At the same time, using literature review and questionnaire survey methods, a survey questionnaire on the demand for childcare services for parents of infants and young children aged 0-3 in Haidian District, Beijing was developed and distributed to parents aged 0-3. The data was entered into SPSS 27.0 software, and descriptive statistical methods were used to describe parents' childcare service needs and preferences; Using individual and family characteristics of infants and young children as independent variables, and whether there is a demand for childcare as the dependent variable, single factor analysis was conducted to explore the individual and family characteristics that affect the demand for family childcare services. Binary logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis; Using policy analysis and interview methods, understand the impact of social childcare service policies on parents' demand for childcare services.

Results：
1. Current Status of 0-3 Year Old Childcare Places Supply in Haidian District, Beijing: (1) As of August 1, 2024, all 327 0-3 Year Old Childcare Places Supply Institutions in Haidian District consist of 274 kindergarten classes, 31 preschool education community run small classes, and 22 0-3 Year Old Childcare Institutions. Out of 274 daycare institutions, 83 have opened daycare classes, with the main type of daycare service being full day care; The minimum acceptable age for infants and young children is 3-6 months, mainly infants and young children over 2 years old; The monthly fee mainly ranges from 3000 yuan to 5000 yuan; The practical difficulties faced by childcare institutions that have not yet established daycare classes are mainly limited to kindergarten classrooms and living spaces. (2) As of August 1, 2024, the total number of children aged 0-3 enrolled in daycare in Haidian District, Beijing was 2760. The enrollment rate for infants and young children aged 0-3 in Haidian District, Beijing in 2024 was 6.01%, which is lower than the national level.

Survey on the Demand and Preference of Parents of 0-3 Year Old Infants and Young Children for Childcare Services in Haidian District, Beijing: 38.2% of parents of infants and young children in this study have childcare needs, which is higher than the 37% survey data from Haidian District Health Commission in 2020. Family care is the main type of care for 0-3 year old infants and young children. Parents of infants and young children tend to require childcare services after their children reach 18 months of age, with 78.3% of parents preferring to choose public childcare institutions; 70.7% of parents of infants and young children believe that a monthly childcare fee of 1001 to 5000 yuan is reasonable, and 72% of parents expect to receive full day care services; Parents aged 0-3 who have a demand for childcare services have specific project requirements for medical education integrated childcare institutions that fall between a relatively high and a very high level of need. They have the highest level of need for vision, hearing, and oral examinations.

3.Identification of factors influencing individual and family characteristics of childcare service demand in Haidian District, Beijing:

The results of single factor analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in childcare needs among infants' registered residence, father's age, mother's age, father's education, mother's education, father's occupation, and mother's occupation (P<0.05). The binary logistic regression results confirmed that maternal age, maternal education, and maternal occupation are influencing factors for childcare needs: mothers aged 21-30 have a demand for childcare services that is 0.197 times higher than those aged 40 and above (OR=0.197,95% CI: 0.068-0.568); The childcare needs of mothers with a bachelor's degree are 0.555 times higher than those of mothers with a master's degree or above (OR=0.555, 95% CI: 0.351-0.880); The childcare needs of mothers working in party, government, and military institutions are 3.883 times higher than those of mothers who do not currently have a job (OR=3.883, 95% CI: 1.075-14.024); Mothers working in enterprises and institutions have a childcare demand that is 3.486 times higher than that of mothers who do not currently have a job (OR=3.486, 95% CI: 1.392-8.727); The demand for childcare for mothers who work as teachers, doctors, engineers, lawyers, and other professional technical personnel is 4.664 times higher than that of mothers who do not currently have a profession (OR=4.664, 95% CI: 1.833-11.865).

4. The impact of inclusive childcare policies on the utilization of family childcare services in Haidian District: based on six family interview cases:

Six family interview cases illustrate that Haidian District has effectively solved the difficulties of family childcare and enhanced the utilization of childcare services through policy measures such as pilot programs for universal childcare services, community run kindergartens, and the establishment of comprehensive childcare service centers, by improving the accessibility, convenience, and economy of childcare services.

Conclusion：

1. There is a supply-demand mismatch in childcare resources in Haidian District, Beijing, characterized by both high demand and low utilization, as well as insufficient supply of childcare spaces.

2. The age, education level, and occupation of the mother affect the demand for family childcare services: Women with higher education levels, older age, and stable careers have a higher demand for childcare services, and the government should develop childcare policies that favor the female population.

3.The implementation of inclusive childcare policies in Haidian District, including the establishment of community run kindergartens, may increase the demand for childcare services for parents of infants and young children in Haidian District.

4. In order to meet the health management needs of families with infants and young children, as well as the childcare needs of children of medical institution employees, it is encouraged to promote the establishment of "medical education integration" childcare institutions in medical institutions.