宁夏枸杞Lycium barbarum为多年生落叶灌木，其干燥成熟果实枸杞子是我国大宗常用、药食同源中药材之一。枸杞实蝇Neoceratitis asiatica是为害宁夏枸杞的重要成灾性害虫，以幼虫为害枸杞果实，将果肉蛀食成纵横交错的虫道，直至留下一层表皮。蛀空的果实内堆满虫粪，失去经济价值。枸杞实蝇卵和幼虫均隐匿在枸杞果实内部，幼虫老熟后脱果，钻入土壤中化蛹，因其隐蔽为害，很难观察到其形态变化和生长发育过程。而枸杞实蝇一生中，真正暴露在外的只有短暂的成虫期。枸杞实蝇各虫态的识别特征如何？它们又是如何在短暂的生命过程中准确地寻找和定位枸杞果实进行产卵？本文全面研究了枸杞实蝇各虫态的生长发育、形态变化、行为特征，探讨孕卵雌虫对不同生育期枸杞果实的选择偏好性，为探究枸杞实蝇绿色安全防控提供科学依据。主要研究结果如下：

1. 探明了枸杞实蝇各虫态的生长发育进程和形态特征

枸杞实蝇卵的发育可分为初期卵、口钩显现期卵和破壳期卵三个阶段。幼虫分为3个龄期，均具有一对能够自由收缩的骨化口钩及头咽骨，其形态和大小在各龄幼虫之间存在明显差异。预蛹期是枸杞实蝇从幼虫到蛹蜕变的一个过渡时期。蛹的形态发育呈规律性变化，可分为隐头蛹期和显头蛹期两个阶段，显头蛹期又可细分为显头蛹初期、黄色眼期、红色眼期、鬃毛蛹期及预成虫期五个阶段。蛹壳颜色随着蛹的发育呈现不均衡的加深趋势，尤其在化蛹初期的预蛹期和临近羽化的鬃毛蛹期和预成虫期变化明显。根据蛹壳颜色的RGB值，可制作成对应不同发育阶段的蛹壳颜色标准比色板。雌雄成虫翅均具有明显的黑白相间斑纹。

2. 明确了枸杞实蝇成虫的行为学特性

枸杞实蝇的羽化时间主要集中在暗期与光期的交替时期，在光期后1 h达到羽化高峰。羽化后的成虫在营养充足条件下，第2 d即可交尾，交尾仅发生在光期。交尾的日节律具有2个高峰期，第一高峰为光期第4 h，交尾率可达16.84%；第二高峰为光期第9 h，交尾率为11.63%。雌雄成虫的平均交尾时长为223.90 min。交尾后的孕卵雌虫仅选择在光期产卵，初期产卵量较低，在羽化后的第15 d产卵量达到最高值，一头雌虫一生的平均产卵量可达96.55粒。饲喂不同食物会影响成虫寿命，以蜂蜜、酵母+蔗糖2种食物饲喂成虫的平均寿命最高，分别为45.04 d和37.79 d。

3. 明确了枸杞实蝇对枸杞青果具有选择偏好性

通过自由选择和强迫选择方法，观察枸杞实蝇对不同生育期枸杞果实的产卵选择性。通过植物气味动态顶空吸附、气相色谱-质谱联用方法，采集和鉴定不同生育期枸杞果实所释放的挥发性气味物质；通过气相色谱-触角电位仪测定枸杞实蝇对不同发育阶段枸杞果实的触角电位反应。结果显示：枸杞果实3个生长发育期共发现37种挥发性化学物质，主要包括10个类群：芳香烃、烷烃、醛类、醇类、酚类、醌类、酯类、酮类、烯类、羧酸类。其中，枸杞青果期果实、变色期果实、果熟期果实挥发物中分别有3种（对二甲苯、间二乙基苯和对二乙基苯）、1种（对二甲苯）和1种（对二甲苯）化合物可以显著引起枸杞实蝇产生持续的触角电位反应。产卵选择结果显示，无论是自由选择还是强迫选择，枸杞实蝇孕卵雌虫对果熟期果实的刺探数明显高于青果期和变色期的果实，但在青果上的卵粒数最高，产卵成功率最高。可见，枸杞实蝇对枸杞青果具有产卵选择偏好性。

Lycium barbarum is a perennial deciduous shrub, its dry and ripe fruit, is a commonly used in China as a medicine and food homologous herbs. Neoceratitis asiatica is one of the most destructive pests of L. barbarum throughout the shrub’s range in northwest China. The larvae feed on the fruit of L. barbarum and eat up the flesh until a layer of skin is left. The fruit is full of worm dung therefore it cannot be used as a commodity and lose the economic value. When the larvae are mature, they crawled out the fruit and drill into the soil to pupate. Because of their hidden life, it is difficult to be observed their morphological changes and growth and development process. In the whole life of the fruit fly, only a short period of adult period is exposed. What are the identification characteristics of its preimaginal stages? How do they accurately find and locate the host fruits to lay eggs during their short life? In this paper, the growth and development, morphological change and behavior characteristics of the fruit fly in different growth stages were comprehensively and systematically studied, and the preference of females to the host fruits at different growth stages was discussed, which provided a scientific basis for exploring the green safety control of this pest. The main results are as follows:

1. The growth development process and morphological characteristics of N. asiatica in each state were clarified.

The development process of the eggs could be divided into the initial stage of egg, the stage of hook presence and the stage of shell split. The larva had a pair of ossified mouth hooks and cephalopharyngeal skeletons which could contract freely. There were significant differences in the shape and size of the mouth hooks and cephalopharyngeal skeletons among each instar larva. The larvae could be divided into three instars based on the length of mouth hooks and cephalopharyngeal skeletons. Prepupa stage was a transition period of N. asiatica from larva to pupa. The pupal morphogenesis could be divided into cryptocephalic pupa stage and phanerocephalic pupa stage. And the phanerocephalic pupa stage was further divided into early phanerocephalic stage, yellow-eyed stage, red-eyed stage, bristled stage and pharate adult stage. The puparium color of N. asiatica deepened unevenly with the developmental time, and obvious changes were observed in the prepupa stage at the early stage of pupation, the bristled stage and the pharate adult stage near emergence. Based on the RGB value of the puparium color at different developmental time, the standard colorimetry plate was prepared corresponding to the puparium color at different developmental stages. Both male and female adults have obvious black and white stripes on their wings.

2. The behavioral characteristics of adult N. asiatica were clarified

The eclosion of N. asiatica mainly concentrated in the alternating period of scotophase and photophase, which would reach the peak of eclosion 1h after photophase. After emergence, the adult could mate on the second day under the condition of sufficient nutrition, and the mating behavior only occurred in photophase. The daily rhythm of copulation had two peaks, the first peak was the 4th hour of photophase, and the mating rate reached 16.84%. The second peak was the 9th hour of photophase, and the mating rate was 11.63%. The average mating duration of male and female adults was 223.90min. After mating, the pregnant females only laid eggs in photophase, and the number of eggs was low in the early stage, then reached the maximum on the 15th day after eclosion. The average number of eggs produced by a female in lifetime is 96.55.

3. It was confirmed that N. asiatica prefered to laying egg on the green fruits of L. barbarum.

The oviposition selectivity of N. asiatica to the fruits with of L. barbarum different maturity was observed by free and no-choice experiments. The volatile compounds from fruits with different maturity were collected and identified by dynamic headspace collection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection(GC-EAD) was used to determine the antennae potential responses of N. asiatica to fruits at different developmental stages. The results showed that 37 kinds of volatile chemicals were detected in the three growth stages of fruits, which were mainly classified into 10 groups: aromatic hydrocarbons, alkanes, aldehydes, alcohols, phenols, quinones, esters, ketones, alkenes and carboxylic acids. Among them, 3 compounds (p-xylene, 1,3-diethyl-benzene and 1,4-diethyl-benzen), 1 compound (p-xylene) and 1 compound (p-xylene) in the fruit volatiles at green fruit stage, colored stage and fruit ripening stage could significantly induce the sustained antennal potential reaction of N. asiatica. The results of oviposition selection showed that the number of probing on fruit at ripe stage was significantly higher than that at green fruit stage and colored stage, but the number of eggs on green fruit was the highest and the success rate of oviposition was the highest. It could be seen that N. asiatica had a preference for laying eggs on the green fruits of L. barbarum.