黄皮树Phellodendron chinense Schneid.为药材黄柏的基源植物，为探究引种黄皮树在北京地区的适应性及所产药材质量，分析引种对黄皮树生物学性状、化学成分、药材质量的影响及成因，本研究对北京药用植物园引种黄皮树、主产区种植黄皮树的生物学性状、化学成分、药材质量进行了检测与分析。通过调取各产地气候因子，利用相关性分析、排序分析的方法阐明气候因子对黄柏生物学性状、化学成分的影响。

研究结果表明，引种黄皮树在北京地区适应性良好，可正常生长发育繁殖。在此基础上本文建立了黄皮树引种质量评价方法，评价指标包括种子繁殖能力和药材成分特征。在该评价体系中北京地区引种黄皮树的种子繁殖能力和药材质量均处于中等水平。

北京地区引种黄皮树所产药材各项指标均符合2015版《中华人民共和国药典》（一部）对黄柏药材的要求。其水分含量为(5.63±0.12)%、总灰分含量为(7.30±0.12)%、浸出物含量为(23.83±1.68)%、小檗碱含量为(7.02±0.25)%、黄柏碱含量为(0.44±0.01)%，与主产区栽培及市售黄柏相比，指标性成分含量处于中等水平。

对北京产黄柏的生物碱类成分（小檗碱、黄柏碱、木兰花碱、巴马亭）、酚酸类成分（3-O-阿魏酰奎尼酸、4-O-阿魏酰奎尼酸、紫丁香酚苷）、柠檬苦素类成分（黄柏内酯、黄柏酮）的含量特征进行分析。结果表明北京产黄柏的化学特征与多数主产区无显著性差异，其生物碱、酚酸、柠檬苦素类成分含量均处于中等水平。具体到单一成分，北京产黄柏3-O-阿魏酰奎尼酸含量较高，木兰花碱、黄柏内酯含量较低，其余成分含量居中。

气候因子对黄皮树种子繁殖特性的影响较大。多数样点的黄皮树种子需要精准的低温时间解除休眠，过长或过短的低温层积时间不利于其萌发。对11个样点的32个气候因子进行spearman相关性分析，结果表明，母株萌发前与展叶初期温度、果实发育期温差对黄皮树种子休眠模式影响较大，无霜期长、生长期短、展叶初期温度低、果实发育期温差大的地区，种子多需要精准的低温层积时间解除休眠，反之，则无需精准的低温层积时间解除休眠。生长期昼夜温差对黄皮树种子、幼苗形态影响较大。生长期昼夜温差大的地区，种子粒径较大、千粒重较高；非生长期昼夜温差较小、生长时间较长的地区，幼苗株大、强壮。

气候因子对黄柏药材特性的影响较大。对14个样点的35个气候因子进行排序分析，结果表明，黄柏药材特性形成与6-9月平均温度、7月平均最高温度、7、8月平均温差显著相关。其次生代谢产物在20℃以上时合成活跃，6-9月平均温度、7月平均最高温度低，7、8月平均温差小的地区，生物碱类、柠檬苦素类成分积累较多，反之酚酸类成分积累较多。

上述研究结果显示，气候条件多变地区的黄皮树种子粒径较大、千粒重较高、对萌发前低温层积条件的要求较为宽泛，从而保证在种子任何条件下均有较高的发芽率，促进物种的繁殖；气候条件稳定地区的种子粒径较小、千粒重较低、对萌发前低温层积条件的要求较为精准，从而保证种子可以在更为适宜的环境下萌发。黄皮树各类次生代谢产物对气候因子的响应不一，6-9月温度较低、温差较小的地区，其生物碱类、柠檬苦素类成分含量较高，酚酸类含量较低。

本研究为黄柏药材栽培产区的北移提供了科学依据，为指导黄柏产地生态适宜性规划，推动规范化种植提供了参考。此外，环境差异较大的样点选择策略为阐明药用植物生物学特征和药材质量形成机制提供了极大帮助，为中药材产地生态适宜性的精准规划和中药材生产的合理布局提供了参考。

Phellodendron chinense Schneid. is the source plant of Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex. In order to explore the adaptability of introduced P. chinense in Beijing and the quality of its medicinal materials, and to analyze the influence on the cause of its biological properties, chemical components and quality, this study tested the biological properties, chemical components and quality of its medicinal materials in the introduction of P. chinense in Beijing Medical botanical garden and in the main production area. The adaptability of P. chinense introduced from Beijing Medical botanical garden was evaluated. The effects of climate factors on the biological characters and chemical components of P. chinense were studied by correlation analysis and sequence analysis. The main results are as follows:

The results showed that the introduction of P. chinense has good adaptability in Beijing and could grow and reproduce normally. On this basis, this paper established a method to evaluate the quality of introduction of P. chinense The evaluation indexes included seed reproductive capacity and the characteristics of medicinal ingredients. In this evaluation system, the seed reproduction ability and the quality of the medicinal materials of the P. chinense introduced from Beijing are all in the middle level.

All indexes of P. chinense introduced in Beijing met the requirements of Pharmacopoeia of the people's Republic of China (Volume I) 2015 for Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex. Its water content is (5.63±0.12)%, total ash content is (7.30±0.12)%, extract content is (23.83±1.68)%, berberine content is (7.02±0.25)%, and phellodendrine content is (0.44±0.01)%. Compared with the cultivated and commercial Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex in the main production area, the content of index components is in the middle level.

The content characteristics of alkaloids (berberine, phellodendrine, magnoflorine, palmatine), phenolic acids (3- O - ferulylquinic acid, 4- O - ferulylquinic acid, syringin) and limonoids (obaculactone, obacunone) of Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex from Beijing were also analyzed. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the chemical characteristics of Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex between from Beijing and from most of the main producing areas, and the contents of alkaloids, phenolic acids and limonoids were all in the middle level. The content of 3- O - ferulylquinic acid in Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex from Beijing was higher , the content of magnoflorine and obaculactone was lower, and the content of other components was in the middle.

Climate factors have great influence on the reproductive characteristics of P. chinense seeds. The P. chinense seeds need a period of accurate low temperature time to release its dormancy, too long or too short low temperature stratification time is not conducive to its germination. The results showed that the temperature difference in the initial stage of leaf expansion and fruit growth had a great influence on the seed dormancy mode of P. chinense. In the areas with long frost-free period, short growth period, low temperature in the initial stage of leaf expansion and large temperature difference in fruit growth, the seeds were mostly need a period of accurate low temperature time to release its dormancy, otherwise, it is not necessary. The temperature difference between day and night during the growing period has great influence on the morphology of the seed and seedling of P. chinense. In the areas with large temperature difference between day and night, the seed size was larger and thousand grain weight is higher; in the areas without small temperature difference between day and night and long growth time, the seedlings were larger and stronger.

Climate factors had great influence on the characteristics of Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex. The results showed that the characteristics of Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex were significantly related to the average temperature from June to September, the average maximum temperature in July, and the average temperature difference in July and August. The second metabolite synthesis was active when the temperature was above 20℃, the average temperature from June to September and the average maximum temperature in July were low, the average temperature difference between July and August was small, the accumulation of alkaloids and limonoids was higher, whereas the accumulation of phenolic acids was higher.

The above research results show that the seed size and thousand grain weight of the P. chinense in the regions with variable climatic conditions are large, and the requirements for the low temperature stratification conditions before germination were relatively wide, so as to ensure that the germination rate of seeds were high under any conditions, and promote species reproduction; the seed size and thousand grain weight in the regions with stable climatic conditions are small, and the requirements for the low temperature stratification conditions before germination were more accurate, so as to ensure that the seeds can germinate in a more suitable environment. The response of all kinds of secondary metabolites of P. chinense to climate factors is different. The areas with lower temperature and temperature difference from June to September had higher contents of alkaloids and limonoids, and lower contents of phenolic acids.

This study provided a scientific basis for the northward movement of the cultivation area of P. chinense and provided a reference for guiding the ecological suitability planning of the production area of P. chinense, and promoting standardized cultivation. In addition, the sample selection strategy with large environmental differences also provided a great help to clarify the biological characteristics of medicinal plants and the formation of the quality of medicinal materials, and provided a reference for the accurate planning of the ecological suitability of the producing areas of traditional Chinese medicine and the reasonable layout of the production of traditional Chinese medicine.