中药作为中华民族传统医学的核心组成部分，凝聚了数千年的实践智慧，其以天然动植物和矿物为原料，通过炮制、配伍等工艺发挥整体调节作用，在慢性病防治、康复调理及疾病预防等领域具有独特优势。在中药材的种植、采收、加工及储存环节，容易受到黄曲霉、寄生曲霉等微生物的污染，进而造成强致癌性黄曲霉毒素（AFT）的积累。部分中药材如酸枣仁等由于其基质中富含油脂和淀粉的特性，成为黄曲霉毒素污染的高风险品类。因此，对其污染的黄曲霉毒素开展有效的检测与控制，对于保障中药的安全性而言意义重大。汤剂是中药最主要的服用方式，黄曲霉毒素在中药煎煮过程中会发生转移，对中药水煎液中的黄曲霉毒素进行脱除尤为必要。因此，本研究构建了适用于多种中药材的黄曲霉毒素检测方法，系统阐明了该类药材中黄曲霉毒素的污染特征、迁移规律及健康风险。同时，创新性开发了两项关键技术：一是基于纳米复合材料的含色素类果实药材黄曲霉毒素前处理方法，二是种子类中药水煎液中黄曲霉毒素的高效脱除策略。研究成果为中药材质量安全控制提供了重要理论依据与技术支撑。主要研究内容及研究结论如下：
1. 应用QuEChERS前处理与UFLC-MS/MS检测技术联用建立了四种果实种子类药材（酸枣仁、柏子仁、薏苡仁、麦芽）中黄曲霉毒素检测方法，阐明药材在煎煮过程中的转移规律及不同服用方式下的健康风险。结果表明，该方法回收率为71%~103%，检测限低至0.01~0.1 μg/kg。市售77批药材的检查结果表明，酸枣仁和柏子仁中黄曲霉毒素污染严重，最高黄曲霉毒素总量（AFT）污染水平分别达258.72 μg/kg和34.68 μg/kg，32.5%和26.7%的样品中黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB1）超过《中国药典》2020年版一部的限量（5 μg/kg）；薏苡仁和麦芽黄曲霉毒素含量未超标。黄曲霉毒素在煎煮过程中转移率较低，仅AFB1发生转移，平均转移率分别为4.92%和柏子仁7.07%，其他毒素未检出。概率评估模型显示，直接食用受污染药材粉末存在肝癌风险，儿童风险最高；煎煮后暴露风险显著降低，符合安全阈值（MOE>10,000）。
2. 制备了ZIF-67/MWCNTs纳米复合材料，通过溶剂调控和异质成核策略优化材料结构，将所制备材料结合固相萃取（SPE）前处理技术与UFLC-MS/MS联用建立了陈皮中黄曲霉毒素的检测方法。SEM、XRD表征结果显示所制备ZIF-67/MWCNTs纳米复合材料具有多孔网络和高结晶度，比表面积大。所建立检测方法的线性范围为0.01~10 ng/mL，回收率为85%~99.5%，检测限低至0.00488~0.039100 ng/mL，基质效应可控（|ME%|<30%）。对10批市售陈皮样本中的检测结果表明药材中AFB1与AFs含量均未超过《中国药典》（2020年版，一部）的限量，验证了方法的适用性。
3. 制备适配体修饰的磁性壳聚糖纳米材料（apt@CTS@Fe3O4），将其用于酸枣仁和柏子仁水煎液中AFB1的脱除。SEM、TEM、XRD、FT-IR等结果表明所制备材料成功合成，可通过特异性识别和磁分离实现水溶液中AFB1高效脱除，吸附容量达18.31 μg/g，2分钟内达吸附平衡。吸附过程符合拟二级动力学和Langmuir模型，以化学吸附主导。材料重复使用5次后脱除率仍>60%，90%乙腈可高效洗脱再利用。细胞毒性实验表明材料在低浓度下生物相容性良好。将多制备材料应用于酸枣仁和柏子仁水煎液，对AFB1脱除率超过80%，且对药材有效成分无显著影响，表明了所制备材料在中药复杂基质中的适用性。

As the core component of traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese herbal medicine has gathered thousands of years of practical wisdom, and its natural plants, animals and minerals are used as raw materials, and the overall regulatory effect is exerted through concoctions, compositions and other processes, which has unique advantages in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases, rehabilitation and conditioning, as well as in the field of disease prevention. Chinese herbal medicines are susceptible to microbial contamination (e.g. Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus) during cultivation, harvesting, processing and storage, leading to the accumulation of strongly carcinogenic aflatoxins (AFT). Some herbs such as Ziziphi Spinosae Semen are high-risk carriers of aflatoxin contamination due to their lipid-rich and starch-rich matrix properties, and effective detection and control of their contamination with aflatoxin is of great significance in ensuring the safety of traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Decoction is the most important way of taking traditional Chinese herbal medicine, and aflatoxin will be transferred during the process of decoction of traditional Chinese medicine, so it is especially necessary to remove aflatoxin from the decoction of traditional Chinese medicine. Therefore, in this study, we established the detection method of aflatoxin in different herbs, revealed the contamination characteristics, transferring pattern and health risk of aflatoxin in seed herbs, and innovatively developed the pretreatment method of aflatoxin in pigment-containing fruit herbs based on nano-composites, and the strategy of aflatoxin removal in decoction of seed herbs, which provided a theoretical and practical basis for the quality and safety of Chinese medicinal herbs. It provides theoretical basis and technical support for guaranteeing the quality and safety of Chinese herbal medicines. The main research content and findings are as follows:

1. A method for the detection of aflatoxins in four kinds of fruit and seed herbs (Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa), Platycladi Semen (Platycladus orientalis), Coicis Semen (Coix lacryma-jobi var. mayuen), Barley Sprout (Hordeum vulgare L.) was established by combining the QuEChERS pretreatment with UFLC-MS/MS detection, to elucidate the transfer pattern of the herbs during the decoction process and the health risks under different ways of administration. The results showed that the recoveries of the method ranged from 71% to 103%, and the limits of detection were as low as 0.01-0.1 μg/kg. The results of 77 batches of commercially available herbs showed that there were serious aflatoxin contaminations in Ziziphi Spinosae Semen and Platycladi Semen, with the highest levels of contamination of total aflatoxins (AFs) amounting to 258.72 μg/kg and 34.68 μg/kg, respectively, and 32.5% and 26.7% of the samples. Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) in 32.5% and 26.7% of the samples exceeded the limit (5 μg/kg) in the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (Part I); the aflatoxin content of Coicis Semen and malt did not exceed the limit. The transfer rate of aflatoxin during decoction was low, only AFB₁ was transferred, with an average transfer rate of 4.92% and 7.07% for Ziziphi Spinosae Semen and Platycladi Semen, respectively, and other toxins were not detected. The probabilistic assessment model showed that direct consumption of the contaminated herb powders posed a risk of liver cancer, with the highest risk in children; the risk of exposure was significantly reduced after decoction, which was in line with the safety threshold (MOE>10,000).

2. ZIF-67/MWCNT nanocomposites were prepared, and the structure of the materials was optimized by solvent modulation and heterogeneous nucleation strategies. A method for the determination of aflatoxins in Citrus reticulata Blanco was established by combining the prepared materials with solid-phase extraction (SPE) pretreatment technique and UFLC-MS/MS. The results of SEM and XRD characterization showed that the prepared ZIF-67/MWCNT nanocomposites have porous network and high crystallinity with large specific surface area. The linear range of the established assay was 0.01-10 ng/mL with the recoveries of 85%-99.5%, and the detection limits were as low as 0.00488-0.039100 ng/mL with the controllable matrix effect (|ME%|<30%). The results in 10 batches of commercially available Citrus reticulata Blanco samples showed that the contents of AFB₁ and AFs in the herbs did not exceed the limit of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition, Part I), which verified the applicability of the method.

3. The aptamer-modified magnetic chitosan nanomaterials (apt@CTS@Fe₃O₄) were prepared and used for the removal of AFB₁ from the decoction of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen and Platycladi Semen, etc. The results of SEM, TEM, XRD, and FT-IR indicated that the prepared materials were successfully synthesized, and the high efficiency of removing AFB₁ from the decoction was achieved by specific recognition and magnetic separation, and the adsorption capacity reached 18.31 μg/g within 2 min, and the adsorption equilibrium was reached within 2 min. The adsorption process conformed to the proposed secondary kinetics and Langmuir model, and was dominated by chemisorption. The removal rate of the material was still over 60% after 5 times of reuse, and 90% acetonitrile could be efficiently eluted and reused. Cytotoxicity experiments showed that the materials were biocompatible at low concentrations. The application of the multi-prepared materials to the decoction of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen and Platycladi Semen, the removal rate of AFB₁ was more than 80% and there was no significant effect on the active ingredients of the herbs, which demonstrated the applicability of the prepared materials in complex matrices of traditional Chinese medicines.